The meninges of the brain are three protective layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura is tough and fibrous, providing mechanical protection and forming dural venous sinuses. The arachnoid mater is a delicate, web-like membrane, under which View Diagram Overview of the Meninges of the Brain
The ASIA scale 571 is used to classify the severity of spinal cord injuries based on motor and sensory function. It provides a standardized framework to determine whether injuries are complete or incomplete, guiding treatment and rehabilitation planning. Clinicians, therapists, View Diagram ASIA scale 571
The subtalar joint, formed between the talus and calcaneus, allows inversion and eversion of the foot. It is stabilized by ligaments including the interosseous talocalcaneal and cervical ligaments. Knowledge of subtalar joint anatomy is essential for orthopedic surgeons, podiatrists, and View Diagram The Subtalar Joints and Ligament
The patella has distinct anterior and posterior surfaces that serve protective and articulating functions. This anatomy diagram of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the patella illustrates the rough anterior surface for tendon attachment and the smooth posterior articular surface View Diagram Anterior and Posterior Surfaces of the Patella
The Bakers cyst appears as a fluid-filled swelling in the popliteal fossa, often secondary to knee joint pathology such as meniscal tears or arthritis. MRI imaging identifies its size, location, and relationship to surrounding structures. Knowledge of Bakers cyst anatomy View Diagram MRI Scan of a Bakers Cyst
Several important structures open into the nasal cavity, allowing drainage and airflow regulation. The maxillary, frontal, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses drain into the middle meatus, while the posterior ethmoidal sinuses open into the superior meatus. The nasolacrimal duct drains tears View Diagram Openings into the Nasal Cavity Draining Paranasal Sinuses Lacrimal Duct and Auditory Tube
The metacarpophalangeal joints connect the metacarpals to the proximal phalanges. They are condyloid synovial joints allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Collateral ligaments stabilize the joints, while the joint capsules and synovial fluid facilitate smooth movement. These joints are View Diagram Structures of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Lymph nodes of the head and neck are arranged in superficial and deep groups. Superficial nodes include submental, submandibular, parotid, mastoid, and occipital nodes, which drain specific regions of the scalp and face. Deep cervical nodes lie along the internal View Diagram Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck
The subclavian vessels originate from the aortic arch on the left and brachiocephalic artery on the right. They give rise to the vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical, and costocervical arteries, supplying the upper limb, thorax, and head. Understanding their origin, course, View Diagram Origin of the Blood Supply to the Upper Limb Subclavian Vessels
The triangular space is an anatomical region in the posterior shoulder bordered by the teres minor, teres major, and long head of the triceps. It contains the circumflex scapular artery and provides a pathway for blood supply to the scapular View Diagram Borders of the Triangular Space
The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone and includes the pubic body, superior and inferior pubic rami, and the pubic symphysis, where the two sides meet at the midline. Its bony surfaces provide attachment points for muscles View Diagram Bony Landmarks of the Pubis
The pelvic outlet is bordered anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the ischial tuberosities, and posteriorly by the tip of the coccyx and the sacrotuberous ligaments. Together, these boundaries form a diamond-shaped opening that marks the lower limit of View Diagram Borders of the Pelvic Outlet
The ilium contains several key bony landmarks that help define the hip bone and provide attachment sites for muscles and ligaments. The wing, or ala, of the ilium forms the broad, flared superior portion and supports the iliac fossa on View Diagram Bony Landmarks of the Ilium Wing ASIS PSIS Hip Bone.
The major branches of the coeliac trunk include the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery, each supplying crucial abdominal organs. The left gastric artery ascends to the lesser curvature of the stomach and sends branches View Diagram Major Branches of the Coeliac Trunk
The vulva encompasses all of the external female genital structures, including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and surrounding soft tissues that frame the vaginal and urethral openings. The mons pubis forms a soft, fatty pad over the View Diagram Anatomy of the Vulva Labia Clitoris Mons Pubis
The aortic valve consists of three cuspsright, left, and posteriorwhich form small bulging spaces known as the aortic sinuses. These sinuses help maintain smooth blood flow and create eddies that prevent the cusps from sticking to the aortic wall. The View Diagram The Aortic Valve Sinuses and Coronary Arteries
A bicornuate uterus is a congenital uterine anomaly that forms when the two Müllerian ducts partially fail to fuse during embryologic development, creating a uterus with two upper cavities separated by a deep fundal indentation. While the lower portion of View Diagram Bicornate Uterus Development of the Reproductive System
Oculomotor nerve palsy produces the classic down and out eye position because the muscles normally controlled by the oculomotor nerve lose their function, leaving only the lateral rectus and superior oblique muscles unopposed. As a result, the affected eye drifts View Diagram Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Down and Out Position
The basal ganglia consist of interconnected deep brain nuclei including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These structures work together to regulate voluntary movement, motor planning, and habit formation by modulating signals between the cerebral View Diagram Components of the Basal Ganglia
The superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia are sympathetic chain ganglia located in the neck and responsible for supplying sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and upper thorax. The superior cervical ganglion is the largest and provides fibers to structures View Diagram The Superior Middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglia
