Lower Limb Arteries Anterior Posterior: The anterior and posterior tibial arteries, along with the femoral and popliteal arteries, supply oxygenated blood to the muscles and skin of the leg and foot.
Muscular and Elastic Artery Arteriole: Elastic arteries (like the aorta) buffer pressure from the heart, muscular arteries distribute blood to organs, and arterioles regulate blood flow into capillary beds via vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Arteries of the Brain: The brain is supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the Circle of Willis, ensuring consistent cerebral blood flow.
Fenestrated Capillary: Fenestrated capillaries have pores in their walls that allow for rapid exchange of water and small solutes, commonly found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.
Histology Small Intestines: The small intestines histology features villi and microvilli on its mucosal surface, which greatly increase the surface area for nutrient absorption; it also contains glands and lymphatic structures for digestion and immune defense.
Fetal Circulation: Fetal circulation features shunts like the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus that divert blood away from the liver and lungs, directing it efficiently between the heart and placenta.
Hepatic Portal Vein System: The hepatic portal vein collects nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and transports it to the liver for processing before it enters general circulation.
Cartilages of the Larynx: The larynx contains several cartilages, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and epiglottis, which support vocal cord function and protect the airway during swallowing.
Peristalsis: Peristalsis is the wave-like contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive tract that moves food through the esophagus, intestines, and other hollow organs.
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries Chart: This chart maps the major arteries branching from the thoracic and abdominal aorta, such as intercostal, celiac, mesenteric, and renal arteries that supply the torso and organs.
Lipid Absorption: Lipid absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine, where bile salts emulsify fats and lipase enzymes break them down; the resulting fatty acids and monoglycerides form micelles and are absorbed by enterocytes.
Embryonic Development of Heart: The heart begins as a simple tube and folds into a four-chambered organ through a series of stages, with beating beginning around week 4 of development.
Germ Layers: The three primary germ layersectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermform during gastrulation and give rise to all tissues and organs in the developing embryo.
Capillary Bed: Capillary beds are networks of microscopic vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and surrounding tissues, regulated by precapillary sphincters that control blood flow.
Major Systematic Veins: Major systemic veins include the superior and inferior vena cava, jugular veins, subclavian veins, and iliac veins, all channeling deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Major Systemic Artery: The major systemic artery is the aorta, which distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body via its ascending, arch, and descending sections.
Comparison of Artery and Vein: Arteries have thick, muscular walls to handle high pressure and carry blood away from the heart, while veins have thinner walls, valves, and carry blood back to the heart under lower pressure.
Large Medium Vein Venule: Venous return involves small venules merging into medium and large veins; these vessels have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves to prevent backflow.
Histology of Stomach: Stomach histology includes mucosal layers with gastric pits and glands containing cells that secrete acid, enzymes, and mucus, supported by muscularis layers for churning.
Heart Position in Thorax: The heart is positioned in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity, slightly left of the midline, with its apex pointing downward and to the left, resting on the diaphragm.
