Arteries of the Brain
Arteries of the Brain: The brain is supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the Circle of Willis, ensuring consistent cerebral blood flow.
Fenestrated Capillary
Fenestrated Capillary: Fenestrated capillaries have pores in their walls that allow for rapid exchange of water and small solutes, commonly found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.
Hyperbaric Chamber
Hyperbaric Chamber: A hyperbaric chamber delivers 100% oxygen at elevated atmospheric pressure, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues and used therapeutically for conditions such as decompression sickness, carbon monoxide poisoning, and chronic wounds.
Histology Small Intestines
Histology Small Intestines: The small intestines histology features villi and microvilli on its mucosal surface, which greatly increase the surface area for nutrient absorption; it also contains glands and lymphatic structures for digestion and immune defense.
Urea Cycle
Urea Cycle: The urea cycle occurs in the liver and converts toxic ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea, which is then safely excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
Fetal Circulation
Fetal Circulation: Fetal circulation features shunts like the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus that divert blood away from the liver and lungs, directing it efficiently between the heart and placenta.
Neonatal Circulatory System
Neonatal Circulatory System: At birth, the neonatal circulatory system undergoes major changes as fetal shunts close and the lungs take over oxygen exchange, resulting in the adult-like pattern of blood flow.
The Breakdown of Fatty Acids
The Breakdown of Fatty Acids: Fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria through a process called beta-oxidation, generating acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP for cellular energy.
Hepatic Portal Vein System
Hepatic Portal Vein System: The hepatic portal vein collects nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and transports it to the liver for processing before it enters general circulation.
Cartilages of the Larynx
Cartilages of the Larynx: The larynx contains several cartilages, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and epiglottis, which support vocal cord function and protect the airway during swallowing.
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs: Each lung has lobes (three on the right, two on the left), a hilum for vessel entry/exit, and surfaces that fit into the thoracic cavity, facilitating gas exchange.
Photo of Placenta
Photo of Placenta: A placenta photo typically shows the fetal side with vessels radiating from the umbilical cord and the maternal side with a spongy, vascular appearance that interfaces with the uterus.
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary muscle with intercalated discs that enable synchronized contractions, essential for continuous heart pumping.
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Internal Anatomy of the Heart: The heart consists of four chamberstwo atria and two ventriclesalong with valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic) that ensure unidirectional blood flow through the cardiac cycle.
Partial and Total Pressure of a Gas
Partial and Total Pressure of a Gas: The partial pressure of a gas is its contribution to the total pressure in a mixture; total pressure is the sum of all individual partial pressures, key in respiratory gas exchange.
Carbon Digestion
Carbon Digestion: Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes, breaking polysaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose for absorption.
CPR Technique
CPR Technique: CPR involves chest compressions at 100120 per minute and rescue breaths to maintain circulation and oxygenation during cardiac arrest until advanced help arrives.
IVF
IVF: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, and the resulting embryo is implanted into the uterus.
Spleen
Spleen: The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells, stores platelets, and plays a key role in the immune response by housing lymphocytes and macrophages.
The Adrenal Glands
The Adrenal Glands: The adrenal glands sit atop each kidney and consist of an outer cortex (producing cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens) and an inner medulla (secreting adrenaline and noradrenaline).