Mechanical and Chemical Digestion: Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food through chewing and stomach churning, while chemical digestion uses enzymes and acids to break molecular bonds in nutrients.
Lower Limb Arteries Chart: The lower limb arterial system includes the femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis arteries, supplying oxygenated blood to the leg and foot.
Thoracic Abdominal Veins: These veins include the superior and inferior vena cava, azygos system, and hepatic veins, which return deoxygenated blood from the thorax and abdomen to the heart.
Coronary Blood Vessels: The coronary arteries and veins supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium and remove deoxygenated blood, ensuring the heart muscle receives the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Kidney Position in Abdomen: The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs located on either side of the spine between the T12 and L3 vertebrae, with the right kidney slightly lower due to the liver.
FlowChart Veins into VenaCava: This flowchart maps venous drainage from body regions into the superior and inferior vena cavae, the major veins returning blood to the right atrium.
Lower Limb Arteries Anterior Posterior: The anterior and posterior tibial arteries, along with the femoral and popliteal arteries, supply oxygenated blood to the muscles and skin of the leg and foot.
Muscular and Elastic Artery Arteriole: Elastic arteries (like the aorta) buffer pressure from the heart, muscular arteries distribute blood to organs, and arterioles regulate blood flow into capillary beds via vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Arteries of the Brain: The brain is supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, which form the Circle of Willis, ensuring consistent cerebral blood flow.
Fenestrated Capillary: Fenestrated capillaries have pores in their walls that allow for rapid exchange of water and small solutes, commonly found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands.
Histology Small Intestines: The small intestines histology features villi and microvilli on its mucosal surface, which greatly increase the surface area for nutrient absorption; it also contains glands and lymphatic structures for digestion and immune defense.
Fetal Circulation: Fetal circulation features shunts like the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus that divert blood away from the liver and lungs, directing it efficiently between the heart and placenta.
Hepatic Portal Vein System: The hepatic portal vein collects nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and transports it to the liver for processing before it enters general circulation.
Cartilages of the Larynx: The larynx contains several cartilages, including the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and epiglottis, which support vocal cord function and protect the airway during swallowing.
Peristalsis: Peristalsis is the wave-like contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive tract that moves food through the esophagus, intestines, and other hollow organs.
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries Chart: This chart maps the major arteries branching from the thoracic and abdominal aorta, such as intercostal, celiac, mesenteric, and renal arteries that supply the torso and organs.
Lipid Absorption: Lipid absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine, where bile salts emulsify fats and lipase enzymes break them down; the resulting fatty acids and monoglycerides form micelles and are absorbed by enterocytes.
Embryonic Development of Heart: The heart begins as a simple tube and folds into a four-chambered organ through a series of stages, with beating beginning around week 4 of development.
Germ Layers: The three primary germ layersectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermform during gastrulation and give rise to all tissues and organs in the developing embryo.
Capillary Bed: Capillary beds are networks of microscopic vessels where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between blood and surrounding tissues, regulated by precapillary sphincters that control blood flow.
