ABO Blood Groups
ABO Blood Groups: The ABO blood group system classifies blood based on the presence of A and B antigens on red cells; type O has neither, while AB has both.
Surface Anatomy of the Heart
Surface Anatomy of the Heart: Surface anatomy of the heart includes visible landmarks such as the apex, base, coronary sulci, and major vessels, guiding auscultation and diagnostic imaging.
Summary of Factors in Cardiac Output
Summary of Factors in Cardiac Output: Cardiac output is influenced by heart rate and stroke volume, which are in turn affected by factors such as autonomic nervous system input, blood volume, and myocardial contractility.
Blood Clotting
Blood Clotting: Blood clotting, or coagulation, involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions that convert fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug and seals the injured vessel.
Three Major Capillary Types
Three Major Capillary Types: The three major capillary types are continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal, each adapted to different levels of permeability based on tissue needs.
Stomach
Stomach: The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ that secretes acid and enzymes to digest food mechanically and chemically, preparing it for absorption in the small intestine.
Automatic Innervation
Automatic Innervation: Autonomic innervation involves the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which regulate involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate through motor neurons.
Ketone Oxidation
Ketone Oxidation: Ketone bodies like acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are oxidized in peripheral tissues to produce ATP, especially during prolonged fasting or carbohydrate deficiency.
Deglutition
Deglutition: Deglutition, or swallowing, is a coordinated process involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, and occurs in three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal, ensuring safe passage of food to the stomach.
Dual System of Human Circulation
Dual System of Human Circulation: The human circulatory system has two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit distributes oxygenated blood to the body.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance new
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance new: Autosomal recessive disorders require two copies of a mutated gene for expression; individuals with one copy are carriers, while affected individuals inherit one from each parent.
Iliac Artery Branches Chart
Iliac Artery Branches Chart: The iliac arteries split from the abdominal aorta and include the common, internal, and external iliac arteries, which supply blood to the pelvis, lower limbs, and reproductive organs.
Histology of the Large Intestine
Histology of the Large Intestine: The large intestine’s histology includes a smooth mucosa with numerous goblet cells for mucus secretion, arranged in straight tubular glands and lacking villi.
Digestive Secretions Absorption of Water
Digestive Secretions Absorption of Water: Digestive secretions contain enzymes and fluids that aid digestion, while most water absorption occurs in the small intestine, with the large intestine absorbing the remainder.
Mountain Climbers
Mountain Climbers: Mountain climbers are a high-intensity, full-body exercise that improves cardiovascular endurance, core strength, and agility by simulating a climbing motion in a plank position.
Cardiac Cycle vs Electrocardiogram
Cardiac Cycle vs Electrocardiogram: The cardiac cycle represents mechanical heart activity, while the electrocardiogram shows its electrical activity; both correlate to diagnose rhythm and timing issues.
Structures of the Respiratory Zone
Structures of the Respiratory Zone: The respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoliĀthin-walled structures where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.
Lower Limb Veins Chart
Lower Limb Veins Chart: This chart outlines superficial veins like the great saphenous and deep veins like the femoral and popliteal, all responsible for returning blood from the leg to the heart.
Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital Heart Defects: Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities present at birth, such as septal defects or valve malformations, which can affect normal blood flow and heart function.
Clonal Selection of B Cells
Clonal Selection of B Cells: Clonal selection occurs when a B cell with a receptor specific to an antigen proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells for antibody production and memory B cells for long-term immunity.