Autosomal Dominant Inheritance: In autosomal dominant inheritance, a single copy of a mutated gene on a non-sex chromosome is sufficient to cause a genetic disorder, which can be passed from just one affected parent.
ECG Placement of Electrodes: ECG electrodes are placed at specific chest and limb locations to measure electrical activity across the heartÂ’s planes, providing insight into rhythm and cardiac abnormalities.
A Classic Negative Feedback Loop: In a classic negative feedback loop, a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, such as insulin release in response to high blood glucose to restore homeostasis.
Components of the Digestive System: The digestive system includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, all working together to process food and absorb nutrients.
Aquaporins: Aquaporins are specialized membrane proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes, playing vital roles in kidney function and water balance.
Capillary Exchange: Capillary exchange involves the movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues through diffusion, filtration, and osmosis driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.
Digestion of Proteins: Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin breaking down proteins into peptides, which are further digested into amino acids by enzymes like trypsin and peptidases in the small intestine.
The Bladder: The urinary bladder is a muscular, expandable organ that stores urine until voluntary release during urination, with a transitional epithelium that allows stretching.
Embryonic Disc Amniotic Cavity Yolk Sac: By the second week of development, the embryonic disc forms between the amniotic cavity above and the yolk sac below, setting the stage for tissue differentiation and body axis formation.
Blood Flow in the Kidneys: Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery, flows through the glomerulus for filtration, and exits via the renal vein after reabsorption and secretion processes.
Permanent and Deciduous Teeth: Humans have two sets of teeth during their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth, which typically erupt between 6 months and 2 years, and permanent teeth, which replace them and are adapted for lifelong chewing and speech.
Flowchart of Thirst Response: The thirst response is triggered by osmoreceptors detecting increased blood osmolality, stimulating the hypothalamus to promote water-seeking behavior and ADH release for water conservation in the kidneys.
Alpha Beta T Cell Receptor: The ?? T cell receptor recognizes antigens presented on MHC molecules, allowing T cells to detect infected or abnormal cells and initiate an immune response.
Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts System: The lymphatic trunks collect lymph from various regions of the body and drain it into larger lymphatic ducts, primarily the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. These ducts ultimately return lymph to the venous View Diagram Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts System
ECG Tracing with Heart Contraction: An ECG tracing reflects heart electrical activity, with the P wave representing atrial contraction, QRS complex indicating ventricular contraction, and T wave showing ventricular repolarization.
Hormonal Regulation of Growth: Growth is regulated by hormones such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), thyroid hormones, and sex hormones, which coordinate tissue development and metabolism.
Pulmonary Circuit: The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
The Pancreas: The pancreas has exocrine functions (digestive enzyme secretion) and endocrine functions (insulin and glucagon release), regulating both digestion and blood glucose levels.
Three Phases Gastric Secretion: Gastric secretion occurs in three phases: the cephalic phase triggered by food anticipation, the gastric phase initiated by stomach distension, and the intestinal phase regulated by chyme entering the intestine.
Antigen Processing and Presentation: Antigen processing involves breaking down pathogens into fragments, which are then presented on MHC molecules by antigen-presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes.
