Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, playing a vital role in respiration and giving blood its red color.
Category Archives: Cells
Ketogenesis
Ketogenesis: Ketogenesis occurs in the liver when carbohydrate intake is low, producing ketone bodies from fatty acids to provide an alternative energy source for tissues like the brain and muscles.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance: In autosomal dominant inheritance, a single copy of a mutated gene on a non-sex chromosome is sufficient to cause a genetic disorder, which can be passed from just one affected parent.
Aquaporins
Aquaporins: Aquaporins are specialized membrane proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes, playing vital roles in kidney function and water balance.
Alpha Beta T Cell Receptor
Alpha Beta T Cell Receptor: The ?? T cell receptor recognizes antigens presented on MHC molecules, allowing T cells to detect infected or abnormal cells and initiate an immune response.
Antigen Processing and Presentation
Antigen Processing and Presentation: Antigen processing involves breaking down pathogens into fragments, which are then presented on MHC molecules by antigen-presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes.
Shape of Red Blood Cells
Shape of Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells are biconcave discs, a shape that increases surface area for gas exchange and allows flexibility to navigate narrow capillaries.
Sickle Cells
Sickle Cells: Sickle cells are abnormally shaped red blood cells caused by a mutation in hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport and increased risk of blockage in blood vessels.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, typically due to Rh incompatibility, leading to anemia, jaundice, and potentially fetal death.
Protein Digesting Enzymes
Protein Digesting Enzymes: Enzymes like pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase in the small intestine break proteins into peptides and amino acids for absorption.
X linked Recessive Inheritance new
X linked Recessive Inheritance new: X-linked recessive disorders are caused by mutations on the X chromosome and primarily affect males, as they have only one X; females are often carriers unless both X chromosomes are affected.
Male Chromosomes
Male Chromosomes: Males have one X and one Y chromosome, with the Y chromosome carrying genes essential for male sex determination and development, including the SRY gene responsible for testis formation.
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Pseudostratified Epithelium: Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered due to nuclei at different heights but is a single layer of cells, commonly found in the respiratory tract with cilia.
X linked Dominant Inheritance new
X linked Dominant Inheritance new: X-linked dominant inheritance occurs when a single mutated gene on the X chromosome causes a disorder in both males and females, often more severe in males due to the absence of a second X.
Sperm Fertilization
Sperm Fertilization: Sperm must undergo capacitation before penetrating the eggs outer layers and fusing with the oocyte membrane, initiating fertilization and forming a zygote.
IgA Immunity
IgA Immunity: IgA is the main antibody found in mucosal surfaces like the respiratory and digestive tracts, playing a key role in neutralizing pathogens and preventing their entry into the body.
Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways: Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules to release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, together maintaining metabolic balance.
Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Metabolism: Lipid metabolism includes the digestion, absorption, storage, and breakdown of fats, with fatty acids used for energy production, membrane synthesis, or stored as triglycerides.
Podocytes
Podocytes: Podocytes are specialized cells in the kidney’s glomerulus with foot-like processes that wrap around capillaries, playing a crucial role in filtering blood to form urine.
The Structure of ATP Molecules
The Structure of ATP Molecules: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups, with high-energy bonds that release energy when hydrolyzed to power cellular processes.