Mendelian Pea Plant Cross: Mendels pea plant crosses revealed predictable inheritance patterns through dominant and recessive traits, forming the foundation of classical genetics.
Complement Cascade and Function: The complement system is a group of plasma proteins that, once activated, enhance immune responses by promoting inflammation, opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis, and directly lysing microbial cells through the membrane attack complex.
Urea Cycle: The urea cycle occurs in the liver and converts toxic ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea, which is then safely excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
The Breakdown of Fatty Acids: Fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria through a process called beta-oxidation, generating acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle to produce ATP for cellular energy.
Partial and Total Pressure of a Gas: The partial pressure of a gas is its contribution to the total pressure in a mixture; total pressure is the sum of all individual partial pressures, key in respiratory gas exchange.
Pathogen Presentation: Pathogen presentation involves antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages displaying fragments of pathogens on MHC molecules to activate T cells and initiate the immune response.
Antigenic Determinants: Antigenic determinants, or epitopes, are specific regions on an antigen that are recognized and bound by antibodies or T cell receptors, initiating an immune response.
Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes: When a T lymphocyte binds its specific antigen presented by an APC, it undergoes clonal selection and rapidly divides into effector and memory T cells, amplifying the immune response.
Four Chain Structure of a Generic Antibody IgG2 Structures: A generic antibody, such as IgG2, has two identical heavy chains and two light chains forming a Y-shaped structure, with variable regions for antigen binding and constant regions for immune signaling.
Chylomicrons Contain Triglycerides Cholesterol Molecules and Other Lipids: Chylomicrons are lipoproteins formed in the intestinal lining that carry dietary lipids, including triglycerides, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins, through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream.
Primary and Secondary Antibody Respons new: The primary antibody response is slower and produces IgM first, while the secondary response is faster and stronger, dominated by IgG due to memory B cell activation.
Granular Leukocytes: Granular leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each containing granules with enzymes for destroying pathogens and involved in inflammatory and allergic responses.
Catabolic Reactions: Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy often stored as ATP and used for cellular activities.
Aquaporin Water Channel: Aquaporins are membrane proteins that facilitate rapid water transport across cell membranes, essential for maintaining fluid balance in tissues like the kidneys and the brain.
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