Deglutition: Deglutition, or swallowing, is a coordinated process involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, and occurs in three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal, ensuring safe passage of food to the stomach.
Dual System of Human Circulation: The human circulatory system has two circuits: the pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the systemic circuit distributes oxygenated blood to the body.
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance new: Autosomal recessive disorders require two copies of a mutated gene for expression; individuals with one copy are carriers, while affected individuals inherit one from each parent.
Iliac Artery Branches Chart: The iliac arteries split from the abdominal aorta and include the common, internal, and external iliac arteries, which supply blood to the pelvis, lower limbs, and reproductive organs.
Histology of the Large Intestine: The large intestine’s histology includes a smooth mucosa with numerous goblet cells for mucus secretion, arranged in straight tubular glands and lacking villi.
Digestive Secretions Absorption of Water: Digestive secretions contain enzymes and fluids that aid digestion, while most water absorption occurs in the small intestine, with the large intestine absorbing the remainder.
Mountain Climbers: Mountain climbers are a high-intensity, full-body exercise that improves cardiovascular endurance, core strength, and agility by simulating a climbing motion in a plank position.
Cardiac Cycle vs Electrocardiogram: The cardiac cycle represents mechanical heart activity, while the electrocardiogram shows its electrical activity; both correlate to diagnose rhythm and timing issues.
Structures of the Respiratory Zone: The respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolithin-walled structures where gas exchange between air and blood takes place.
Lower Limb Veins Chart: This chart outlines superficial veins like the great saphenous and deep veins like the femoral and popliteal, all responsible for returning blood from the leg to the heart.
Congenital Heart Defects: Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities present at birth, such as septal defects or valve malformations, which can affect normal blood flow and heart function.
Clonal Selection of B Cells: Clonal selection occurs when a B cell with a receptor specific to an antigen proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells for antibody production and memory B cells for long-term immunity.
Anatomy of Nose Pharynx Mouth Larynx: This region includes the nasal cavity (for air intake and filtration), pharynx (shared air and food passage), oral cavity (chewing and speech), and larynx (voice production and airway protection).
The Enzyme Renin Converts The Pro Enzyme Angiotensin I: Renin, secreted by the kidneys, catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is further converted to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure.
Salivary Glands: The major salivary glandsparotid, submandibular, and sublingualsecrete saliva containing enzymes like amylase to begin starch digestion and lubricate food for swallowing.
Embryo Week 3: During the third week of development, the embryo undergoes gastrulation, forming three germ layersectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermthat will give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.
Stages of Childbirth: Childbirth occurs in three stages: dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and expulsion of the placenta, each marked by specific physiological and muscular events.
Pharynx: The pharynx is a muscular tube behind the nasal and oral cavities that conducts air to the larynx and food to the esophagus.
The Hypothalamus Controls Thermoregulation: The hypothalamus monitors body temperature and triggers responses like sweating or shivering to maintain homeostasis through its control of the autonomic nervous system.
Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract: The GI tract consists of four layers: mucosa (innermost), submucosa, muscularis externa (smooth muscle), and serosa or adventitia (outer layer), each playing a role in digestion and motility.
