Nerves Innervating the Urinary System: The urinary system is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that regulate kidney blood flow, bladder contraction, and sphincter control.
SA Node Tracing: An SA node tracing highlights the start of electrical impulses in the heart, initiating atrial contraction and setting the pace for the cardiac cycle.
The Postabsorptive Stage: This metabolic state occurs several hours after eating, during which the body relies on stored energy sources, such as glycogen and fat, to maintain blood glucose levels and supply energy to tissues.
Small Intestine: The small intestine, composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, is the primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption, featuring villi and microvilli to increase surface area.
Anatomy of the Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, functioning in fluid recovery, lipid absorption, and immune response.
Head and Neck Veins: Major veins of the head and neck include the internal and external jugular veins, which drain blood from the brain, face, and neck into the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins.
Aorta: The aorta is the largest artery in the body, emerging from the left ventricle of the heart and distributing oxygenated blood to all systemic arteries via its ascending, arch, thoracic, and abdominal segments.
Let Down Reflex new: The let-down reflex is triggered by oxytocin release during breastfeeding, causing the milk ducts to contract and eject milk in response to infant suckling or even emotional stimuli.
X linked Recessive Inheritance new: X-linked recessive disorders are caused by mutations on the X chromosome and primarily affect males, as they have only one X; females are often carriers unless both X chromosomes are affected.
The Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach via peristalsis, with its lining adapted to withstand friction and acidic reflux.
Male Chromosomes: Males have one X and one Y chromosome, with the Y chromosome carrying genes essential for male sex determination and development, including the SRY gene responsible for testis formation.
Common Carotid Artery: The common carotid arteries run along the neck and bifurcate into the internal and external carotids, supplying blood to the brain, face, and neck.
Endocrine System: The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes like metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
Heart Wall: The heart wall consists of three layers: the epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle muscular layer), and endocardium (inner lining), each contributing to the hearts structure and function.
Size of Uterus Throughout Pregnancy: The uterus expands dramatically during pregnancy, growing from a small pelvic organ to a structure that can reach the rib cage to accommodate fetal development.
Pseudostratified Epithelium: Pseudostratified epithelium appears layered due to nuclei at different heights but is a single layer of cells, commonly found in the respiratory tract with cilia.
Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis and Lupus: In rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissuesjoints in RA and multiple organs in lupuscausing inflammation and systemic damage.
X linked Dominant Inheritance new: X-linked dominant inheritance occurs when a single mutated gene on the X chromosome causes a disorder in both males and females, often more severe in males due to the absence of a second X.
Sperm Fertilization: Sperm must undergo capacitation before penetrating the eggs outer layers and fusing with the oocyte membrane, initiating fertilization and forming a zygote.
Digestion of Proteins Physiology: Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the enzyme pepsin breaks down complex proteins into smaller peptides. This process continues in the small intestine, where pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin further degrade peptides into amino View Diagram Digestion of Proteins Physiology
