Thoracic Abdominal Arteries: Major arteries in the thoracic and abdominal regions include the aorta and its branches, which supply oxygenated blood to the chest organs, abdominal viscera, and lower limbs.
Anatomy of the Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, functioning in fluid recovery, lipid absorption, and immune response.
Head and Neck Veins: Major veins of the head and neck include the internal and external jugular veins, which drain blood from the brain, face, and neck into the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins.
Common Carotid Artery: The common carotid arteries run along the neck and bifurcate into the internal and external carotids, supplying blood to the brain, face, and neck.
Size of Uterus Throughout Pregnancy: The uterus expands dramatically during pregnancy, growing from a small pelvic organ to a structure that can reach the rib cage to accommodate fetal development.
Digestion of Proteins Physiology: Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the enzyme pepsin breaks down complex proteins into smaller peptides. This process continues in the small intestine, where pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin further degrade peptides into amino View Diagram Digestion of Proteins Physiology
Digestive Process: The digestive process involves ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible substances through defecation.
Location and History of Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the oropharynx and nasopharynx; they help defend against inhaled or ingested pathogens and are commonly removed in cases of chronic infection.
Sexual Differentiation: Sexual differentiation begins with genetic sex (XX or XY), then proceeds under hormonal influence, with testes producing testosterone that drives male development and its absence allowing female structures to develop.
Lower Limb Veins Anterior Posterior: The lower limb has anterior and posterior venous pathways, including superficial veins like the great and small saphenous veins, and deep veins like the femoral and popliteal veins.
Preembryonic Development: Preembryonic development spans from fertilization to implantation, including zygote formation, cleavage, morula, blastocyst formation, and initial attachment to the uterine wall.
Fetal Circulatory System: The fetal circulatory system includes unique structures like the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale that shunt blood away from non-functioning fetal lungs and prioritize oxygen-rich blood from the placenta.
Preembryonic Cleavages: Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions in the zygote that increase cell number without increasing size, forming the morula and eventually the blastocyst.
Surface Anatomy of the Heart: Surface anatomy of the heart includes visible landmarks such as the apex, base, coronary sulci, and major vessels, guiding auscultation and diagnostic imaging.
Three Major Capillary Types: The three major capillary types are continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal, each adapted to different levels of permeability based on tissue needs.
Deglutition: Deglutition, or swallowing, is a coordinated process involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, and occurs in three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal, ensuring safe passage of food to the stomach.
Iliac Artery Branches Chart: The iliac arteries split from the abdominal aorta and include the common, internal, and external iliac arteries, which supply blood to the pelvis, lower limbs, and reproductive organs.
Histology of the Large Intestine: The large intestine’s histology includes a smooth mucosa with numerous goblet cells for mucus secretion, arranged in straight tubular glands and lacking villi.
