The subclavian vessels originate from the aortic arch on the left and brachiocephalic artery on the right. They give rise to the vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical, and costocervical arteries, supplying the upper limb, thorax, and head. Understanding their origin, course, View Diagram Origin of the Blood Supply to the Upper Limb Subclavian Vessels
A bicornuate uterus is a congenital uterine anomaly that forms when the two Müllerian ducts partially fail to fuse during embryologic development, creating a uterus with two upper cavities separated by a deep fundal indentation. While the lower portion of View Diagram Bicornate Uterus Development of the Reproductive System
The basal ganglia consist of interconnected deep brain nuclei including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. These structures work together to regulate voluntary movement, motor planning, and habit formation by modulating signals between the cerebral View Diagram Components of the Basal Ganglia
The superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia are sympathetic chain ganglia located in the neck and responsible for supplying sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, and upper thorax. The superior cervical ganglion is the largest and provides fibers to structures View Diagram The Superior Middle and Inferior Cervical Ganglia
The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi at the level of the sternal angle, forming the main airway passage into the lungs. The tracheal wall is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings that keep the airway open, while View Diagram The Trachea and Bronchial Divisions
Blood Flow Contracted Ventricles: During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract, pushing blood into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and the aorta from the left ventricle.
Development of Lower Respiratory System: The lower respiratory tract develops from the embryonic foregut, beginning with the formation of the laryngotracheal diverticulum, which branches into the bronchi, bronchioles, and eventually the alveoli.
A Classic Negative Feedback Loop: In a classic negative feedback loop, a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, such as insulin release in response to high blood glucose to restore homeostasis.
Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts System: The lymphatic trunks collect lymph from various regions of the body and drain it into larger lymphatic ducts, primarily the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. These ducts ultimately return lymph to the venous View Diagram Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts System
Pulmonary Circuit: The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
Blood Flow Through the Heart: Blood enters the right atrium from the body, flows to the right ventricle, then to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, moves into the left ventricle, and is View Diagram Blood Flow Through the Heart
Lymphatic Capillaries: These tiny, thin-walled vessels are the starting point of the lymphatic system, absorbing interstitial fluid, proteins, and waste from surrounding tissues and transporting them toward larger lymphatic vessels.
Vascular Homeostasis Flow Art: Vascular homeostasis is maintained through a dynamic balance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, involving endothelial signals like nitric oxide and endothelin to regulate blood pressure and flow.
Nerves Innervating the Urinary System: The urinary system is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that regulate kidney blood flow, bladder contraction, and sphincter control.
SA Node Tracing: An SA node tracing highlights the start of electrical impulses in the heart, initiating atrial contraction and setting the pace for the cardiac cycle.
Endocrine System: The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes like metabolism, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
Baroreceptor Reflex Flow Art: The baroreceptor reflex helps maintain blood pressure homeostasis by detecting changes in arterial stretch and triggering heart rate and vessel tone adjustments via the autonomic nervous system.
The Hematopoietic System of the Bone Marrow new: The bone marrows hematopoietic system consists of stem cells that differentiate into various blood cell types, providing a continuous supply of cells vital for immunity, oxygen transport, and clotting.
Renin Aldosterone Angiotensin: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting vasoconstriction and sodium retention in response to decreased blood volume or pressure.
Cardiac Cycle vs Heart Sounds: The cardiac cycle corresponds with heart sounds, where the “lub” (S1) is caused by AV valve closure during systole, and the “dub” (S2) marks semilunar valve closure during diastole.
