Capillary Exchange: Capillary exchange involves the movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues through diffusion, filtration, and osmosis driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.
Digestion of Proteins: Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin breaking down proteins into peptides, which are further digested into amino acids by enzymes like trypsin and peptidases in the small intestine.
Embryonic Disc Amniotic Cavity Yolk Sac: By the second week of development, the embryonic disc forms between the amniotic cavity above and the yolk sac below, setting the stage for tissue differentiation and body axis formation.
Three Phases Gastric Secretion: Gastric secretion occurs in three phases: the cephalic phase triggered by food anticipation, the gastric phase initiated by stomach distension, and the intestinal phase regulated by chyme entering the intestine.
Segmentation: In embryology, segmentation refers to the division of the developing body into repeated units called somites, which give rise to structures like vertebrae, ribs, and associated musculature.
Neurulation: Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm in early development, which later differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.
Thoracic Upper Limb Arteries Chart: The thoracic and upper limb arteries include branches from the subclavian and axillary arteries, supplying blood to the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand through a complex arterial network.
Implantation: Implantation occurs when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrial lining of the uterus, typically 610 days after fertilization, initiating early pregnancy and placenta formation.
Veins Draining into Superior Vena Cava Chart: This chart shows veins like the brachiocephalic, subclavian, and jugular veins converging into the superior vena cava, which returns blood from the upper body to the heart.
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries: Major arteries in the thoracic and abdominal regions include the aorta and its branches, which supply oxygenated blood to the chest organs, abdominal viscera, and lower limbs.
Anatomy of the Lymphatic System: The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, and tonsils, functioning in fluid recovery, lipid absorption, and immune response.
Head and Neck Veins: Major veins of the head and neck include the internal and external jugular veins, which drain blood from the brain, face, and neck into the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins.
Common Carotid Artery: The common carotid arteries run along the neck and bifurcate into the internal and external carotids, supplying blood to the brain, face, and neck.
Size of Uterus Throughout Pregnancy: The uterus expands dramatically during pregnancy, growing from a small pelvic organ to a structure that can reach the rib cage to accommodate fetal development.
Digestion of Proteins Physiology: Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the enzyme pepsin breaks down complex proteins into smaller peptides. This process continues in the small intestine, where pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin further degrade peptides into amino View Diagram Digestion of Proteins Physiology
Digestive Process: The digestive process involves ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of indigestible substances through defecation.
Location and History of Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the oropharynx and nasopharynx; they help defend against inhaled or ingested pathogens and are commonly removed in cases of chronic infection.
Sexual Differentiation: Sexual differentiation begins with genetic sex (XX or XY), then proceeds under hormonal influence, with testes producing testosterone that drives male development and its absence allowing female structures to develop.
Lower Limb Veins Anterior Posterior: The lower limb has anterior and posterior venous pathways, including superficial veins like the great and small saphenous veins, and deep veins like the femoral and popliteal veins.
