Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle: Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary muscle with intercalated discs that enable synchronized contractions, essential for continuous heart pumping.
Author Archives: anatomy
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Internal Anatomy of the Heart: The heart consists of four chamberstwo atria and two ventriclesalong with valves (tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic) that ensure unidirectional blood flow through the cardiac cycle.
Partial and Total Pressure of a Gas
Partial and Total Pressure of a Gas: The partial pressure of a gas is its contribution to the total pressure in a mixture; total pressure is the sum of all individual partial pressures, key in respiratory gas exchange.
Carbon Digestion
Carbon Digestion: Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth with salivary amylase and continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes, breaking polysaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose for absorption.
CPR Technique
CPR Technique: CPR involves chest compressions at 100120 per minute and rescue breaths to maintain circulation and oxygenation during cardiac arrest until advanced help arrives.
IVF
IVF: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, and the resulting embryo is implanted into the uterus.
Spleen
Spleen: The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells, stores platelets, and plays a key role in the immune response by housing lymphocytes and macrophages.
The Adrenal Glands
The Adrenal Glands: The adrenal glands sit atop each kidney and consist of an outer cortex (producing cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens) and an inner medulla (secreting adrenaline and noradrenaline).
Male Urethra
Male Urethra: The male urethra is a dual-purpose tube that conveys urine and semen; it passes through the prostate, urogenital diaphragm, and penis in prostatic, membranous, and spongy sections.
Pathogen Presentation
Pathogen Presentation: Pathogen presentation involves antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages displaying fragments of pathogens on MHC molecules to activate T cells and initiate the immune response.
Antigenic Determinants
Antigenic Determinants: Antigenic determinants, or epitopes, are specific regions on an antigen that are recognized and bound by antibodies or T cell receptors, initiating an immune response.
Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes
Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes: When a T lymphocyte binds its specific antigen presented by an APC, it undergoes clonal selection and rapidly divides into effector and memory T cells, amplifying the immune response.
The Homostatic Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
The Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels: Blood glucose levels are tightly regulated by insulin, which lowers glucose levels by promoting uptake and storage, and glucagon, which raises levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
Four Chain Structure of a Generic Antibody IgG2 Structures
Four Chain Structure of a Generic Antibody IgG2 Structures: A generic antibody, such as IgG2, has two identical heavy chains and two light chains forming a Y-shaped structure, with variable regions for antigen binding and constant regions for immune signaling.
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms caused by disruptions in the electrical conduction system, ranging from harmless palpitations to life-threatening ventricular fibrillation.
Peristalsis
Peristalsis: Peristalsis is the wave-like contraction of smooth muscles in the digestive tract that moves food through the esophagus, intestines, and other hollow organs.
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries Chart
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries Chart: This chart maps the major arteries branching from the thoracic and abdominal aorta, such as intercostal, celiac, mesenteric, and renal arteries that supply the torso and organs.
Teniae Coli Haustra Epiploic Appendage
Teniae Coli Haustra Epiploic Appendage: These large intestine structures include teniae coli (longitudinal muscle bands), haustra (pouches), and epiploic appendages (fat-filled sacs), all contributing to motility and structure.
Action Potential Heart Contraction
Action Potential Heart Contraction: A cardiac action potential initiates when the SA node fires, spreading electrical impulses that trigger calcium influx, leading to coordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles.
HIV Disease Progression
HIV Disease Progression: HIV infection progresses from acute illness to a chronic latent stage and eventually to AIDS, characterized by severe immune suppression and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.