Major Pituitary Hormones: The pituitary gland secretes several key hormones, including growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, and FSH, which regulate growth, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive function.
The Kidney: The kidneys filter blood through nephrons, removing waste and excess fluid to form urine, while also regulating electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and hormone production.
Segmentation: In embryology, segmentation refers to the division of the developing body into repeated units called somites, which give rise to structures like vertebrae, ribs, and associated musculature.
Neurulation: Neurulation is the formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm in early development, which later differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.
Lymphatic Capillaries: These tiny, thin-walled vessels are the starting point of the lymphatic system, absorbing interstitial fluid, proteins, and waste from surrounding tissues and transporting them toward larger lymphatic vessels.
Sickle Cells: Sickle cells are abnormally shaped red blood cells caused by a mutation in hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport and increased risk of blockage in blood vessels.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition where maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells, typically due to Rh incompatibility, leading to anemia, jaundice, and potentially fetal death.
Thoracic Upper Limb Arteries Chart: The thoracic and upper limb arteries include branches from the subclavian and axillary arteries, supplying blood to the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand through a complex arterial network.
Cross Matching Blood Types: Cross matching ensures donor and recipient blood compatibility by testing for antigens and antibodies to prevent transfusion reactions, particularly in ABO and Rh systems.
Lung Tissue: Lung tissue is composed of alveoli, bronchioles, and a dense capillary network, providing a large surface area for gas exchange while remaining elastic to accommodate inhalation and exhalation.
Hormones Initiating Labor: Labor is initiated by a complex interplay of hormones, including oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which stimulates uterine contractions, and prostaglandins from the placenta and fetal membranes, which enhance muscle contractions and cervical ripening.
Arm with Bulging Veins: Prominent veins in the arm can result from increased vascular pressure, exercise, low body fat, or venous valve issues, often appearing as bulging, rope-like structures under the skin.
Protein Digesting Enzymes: Enzymes like pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase in the small intestine break proteins into peptides and amino acids for absorption.
Vascular Homeostasis Flow Art: Vascular homeostasis is maintained through a dynamic balance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, involving endothelial signals like nitric oxide and endothelin to regulate blood pressure and flow.
Implantation: Implantation occurs when the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrial lining of the uterus, typically 610 days after fertilization, initiating early pregnancy and placenta formation.
Veins Draining into Superior Vena Cava Chart: This chart shows veins like the brachiocephalic, subclavian, and jugular veins converging into the superior vena cava, which returns blood from the upper body to the heart.
Thoracic Abdominal Arteries: Major arteries in the thoracic and abdominal regions include the aorta and its branches, which supply oxygenated blood to the chest organs, abdominal viscera, and lower limbs.
Nerves Innervating the Urinary System: The urinary system is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that regulate kidney blood flow, bladder contraction, and sphincter control.
SA Node Tracing: An SA node tracing highlights the start of electrical impulses in the heart, initiating atrial contraction and setting the pace for the cardiac cycle.
The Postabsorptive Stage: This metabolic state occurs several hours after eating, during which the body relies on stored energy sources, such as glycogen and fat, to maintain blood glucose levels and supply energy to tissues.
