The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi at the level of the sternal angle, forming the main airway passage into the lungs. The tracheal wall is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings that keep the airway open, while View Diagram The Trachea and Bronchial Divisions
The parietal pleura consists of four continuous regionscostal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical pleuraeach lining a different part of the thoracic cavity. The costal pleura covers the inner surfaces of the ribs and intercostal spaces, while the diaphragmatic pleura reflects over View Diagram Parts of the Parietal Pleura
The common hepatic artery gives rise to several branches, creating a complex vascular network that supplies the liver, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas. After branching from the coeliac trunk, it typically divides into the proper hepatic artery and the gastroduodenal artery. View Diagram Schematic Common Hepatic Artery Branches
The internal structure of the kidney is organized into an outer cortex and an inner medulla, which together contain millions of nephrons that filter blood and produce urine. The cortex houses the glomeruli and convoluted tubules responsible for the initial View Diagram Internal Structure of the Kidney
Blood Flow Contracted Ventricles: During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract, pushing blood into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle and the aorta from the left ventricle.
Thoracic Upper Limb Veins: The thoracic and upper limb veins include the subclavian, axillary, brachial, cephalic, and basilic veins, which return blood from the arms and upper chest to the heart via the superior vena cava.
Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues, playing a vital role in respiration and giving blood its red color.
Development of Lower Respiratory System: The lower respiratory tract develops from the embryonic foregut, beginning with the formation of the laryngotracheal diverticulum, which branches into the bronchi, bronchioles, and eventually the alveoli.
The Peritoneum: The peritoneum is a double-layered serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity, consisting of the parietal layer (lining the cavity) and visceral layer (covering organs), which supports and reduces friction between organs.
Ketogenesis: Ketogenesis occurs in the liver when carbohydrate intake is low, producing ketone bodies from fatty acids to provide an alternative energy source for tissues like the brain and muscles.
Defibrillators: Defibrillators deliver an electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm during life-threatening arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance: In autosomal dominant inheritance, a single copy of a mutated gene on a non-sex chromosome is sufficient to cause a genetic disorder, which can be passed from just one affected parent.
ECG Placement of Electrodes: ECG electrodes are placed at specific chest and limb locations to measure electrical activity across the hearts planes, providing insight into rhythm and cardiac abnormalities.
A Classic Negative Feedback Loop: In a classic negative feedback loop, a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, such as insulin release in response to high blood glucose to restore homeostasis.
Components of the Digestive System: The digestive system includes the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, all working together to process food and absorb nutrients.
Aquaporins: Aquaporins are specialized membrane proteins that facilitate the rapid transport of water across cell membranes, playing vital roles in kidney function and water balance.
Capillary Exchange: Capillary exchange involves the movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues through diffusion, filtration, and osmosis driven by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.
Digestion of Proteins: Protein digestion begins in the stomach with pepsin breaking down proteins into peptides, which are further digested into amino acids by enzymes like trypsin and peptidases in the small intestine.
The Bladder: The urinary bladder is a muscular, expandable organ that stores urine until voluntary release during urination, with a transitional epithelium that allows stretching.
Embryonic Disc Amniotic Cavity Yolk Sac: By the second week of development, the embryonic disc forms between the amniotic cavity above and the yolk sac below, setting the stage for tissue differentiation and body axis formation.
